A. Sure, here’s a brief summary of the evolution of Additive Manufacturing (AM) over the past two decades:

• Early 2000s: AM is primarily used for rapid prototyping and low-volume production of complex parts, mainly in the aerospace and medical industries.
• Mid-2000s: The development of new materials and technologies leads to increased accuracy, resolution, and speed of AM machines, allowing for larger and more complex parts to be produced.
• Late 2000s: AM starts to gain wider adoption in industries such as automotive, consumer products, and jewelry, as the technology becomes more affordable and accessible.
• 2010s: The term “3D printing” becomes popularized and AM continues to advance rapidly, with new materials and processes emerging, such as metal AM, bioprinting, and continuous liquid interface production (CLIP).
• Mid-2010s: Companies begin to explore using AM for mass production, with examples such as Adidas 3D printing midsoles for sneakers and HP introducing a 3D printing system for mass production of plastic parts.
• Late 2010s: AM continues to be adopted in various industries for various applications, including aerospace, medical, automotive, and fashion. The development of hybrid manufacturing systems, combining AM with traditional subtractive processes, also emerges as a new trend.
• 2020s: AM is expected to continue advancing and expanding in various industries, with the potential to revolutionize supply chains, enable new product designs, and increase sustainability in manufacturing processes.

Q. (Another Version) Can you summarize the evolution of Additive Manufacturing over the past two decades?

A. Certainly! Here is a brief summary of the evolution of Additive Manufacturing (AM) over the past two decades:

Early Days (2000-2010): During this time, AM was mostly used for rapid prototyping and creating small, low-volume parts. Stereolithography (SLA) and fused deposition modeling (FDM) were the dominant technologies.

Expansion (2010-2015): In this period, AM started to gain more mainstream attention and was used for creating larger and more complex parts. New technologies such as selective laser sintering (SLS), direct metal laser sintering (DMLS), and electron beam melting (EBM) were developed.

Industrialization (2015-2020): AM became more established in industries such as aerospace, automotive, and healthcare, and was increasingly used for end-use parts. Companies invested in large-scale 3D printing systems and materials development to enable high-volume production.

Advancements (2020-present): In recent years, AM has continued to evolve with advancements in hardware, software, and materials. New technologies such as binder jetting and continuous liquid interface production (CLIP) have emerged, while existing technologies have been optimized for speed, precision, and cost-effectiveness. AM is increasingly integrated into traditional manufacturing workflows, and there is growing interest in using AM for sustainable and circular manufacturing.

Overall, AM has come a long way in the past two decades and is now a viable and versatile manufacturing technology with a wide range of applications.

For example, some printers use a single extruder to print the outer shell using a rigid material like PLA, while another extruder is used to print the infill with a flexible material like TPU. This allows for the creation of parts with varying levels of stiffness and flexibility, which can be beneficial for applications where impact resistance and shock absorption are important.

There are also printers that use a single extruder but can switch between different materials during the printing process. These printers often use a technology called “tool-changing” where the printer head is equipped with multiple toolheads that can be swapped out as needed. This allows for greater flexibility in material selection and can result in more complex parts with different material properties in different areas of the part.

In general, printers with multi-material capabilities can be more complex and expensive than single-material printers, but they can also provide greater flexibility and functionality for certain applications.

However, there are also other engineering tools that can be used for simulation analysis of 3D printed parts, depending on the specific requirements of your project. For example, ANSYS is a widely used software package for finite element analysis (FEA) and can be used to simulate the behavior of parts under different loading conditions. SolidWorks is another popular software package that includes simulation tools for analyzing the strength, stiffness, and durability of 3D printed parts.

In addition to these general-purpose engineering tools, there are also specialized software packages designed specifically for 3D printing analysis. For example, Autodesk Netfabb includes simulation tools for analyzing the performance of lattice structures, while Materialise Magics offers tools for analyzing and optimizing the orientation and support structures of 3D printed parts.

Ultimately, the choice of engineering tool will depend on the specific requirements of your project and the type of analysis you need to perform. It’s a good idea to evaluate several options and choose the tool that best meets your needs and budget.

A. Yes, it is possible to correlate virtual simulations with physical testing, which can help to validate and improve the accuracy of the simulation results. One common approach is to use the simulation results to inform the design of physical prototypes, which can then be tested using standard testing methods prescribed by the governing bodies.

During the physical testing phase, the results can be compared to the simulation results to identify any discrepancies and refine the simulation parameters as needed. This iterative process can help to improve the accuracy of the simulations and ensure that the final design meets the desired performance requirements.

In terms of using generative AI to do multiple digital analysis, this is also possible and can be a useful approach for identifying the most promising design configurations to test in physical prototypes. Generative AI can be used to explore a large design space and generate multiple design options based on specific performance criteria. The results of these analyses can then be used to identify the most promising designs to test in physical prototypes, which can help to save time and resources.

However, it’s important to note that the accuracy of generative AI tools can be limited by the quality and completeness of the input data, as well as the specific performance criteria used to generate the designs. It’s therefore important to carefully evaluate the results of generative AI analyses and validate them using physical testing and other simulation tools as needed.

Q. What does Parametric Technologies (PTC) bring to this table?

A. Parametric Technology Corporation (PTC) is a software company that provides product development software solutions including computer-aided design (CAD), product data management (PDM), and computer-aided engineering (CAE).

PTC’s CAD software, Creo, is a parametric modeling software that enables designers to create detailed 3D models of parts and assemblies. Creo also includes tools for simulation and analysis, enabling engineers to test and optimize designs before they are manufactured.

PTC also offers Windchill, a PDM software that provides data management and collaboration tools for product development teams. Windchill helps teams to manage product data, control revisions, and collaborate with other teams across the product development lifecycle.

In terms of CAE, PTC offers Creo Simulation Live, which is a real-time simulation tool that allows designers and engineers to simulate and test designs as they create them. This enables them to identify and fix issues early in the design process, reducing the need for expensive physical prototypes and testing.

Overall, PTC’s product development software solutions, including their CAD, PDM, and CAE tools, can help companies streamline their product development process, reduce time-to-market, and improve product quality.

PRODUCT LIFECYCLE MANAGEMENT

Q. What is Product Lifecycle Management and why is it important?

A. Product Lifecycle Management (PLM) is a business strategy that helps manage the entire lifecycle of a product, from the initial idea and design stages through manufacturing, distribution, and service. It involves managing all aspects of a product, including its design, development, sourcing, production, distribution, and support.

PLM is important because it enables companies to improve efficiency, reduce costs, and increase profits by providing a holistic view of a product’s lifecycle. By using PLM software, companies can manage product information more effectively, automate processes, and collaborate more efficiently with internal and external teams. This results in faster time-to-market, higher-quality products, and improved customer satisfaction.

In addition, PLM helps companies to better manage the complexity of modern product development. As products become more complex, involving multiple components and subsystems, and requiring more testing and validation, PLM provides a way to coordinate and manage all of these activities across the organization. This reduces the risk of errors, delays, and cost overruns, and helps ensure that products are delivered on time and on budget.

IMPLICATIONS OF THE METAVERSE

Q. What do you think of Nvidia’s Omniverse and its Connect module that would enable direct plug-ins to CAD and CAE tools to digitally represent the world using a multi-modal basis or a fit for purpose usage to tools in addition to their internal PhysX SDK?

A. Nvidia’s Omniverse is an exciting development in the field of simulation and visualization. Its ability to connect different CAD and CAE tools using a common platform has the potential to streamline workflows and improve collaboration among teams. The Connect module, which allows direct plug-ins to CAD and CAE tools, can further enhance the efficiency of the simulation process by enabling designers and engineers to make quick design changes and run simulations in real-time.

The multi-modal basis or fit-for-purpose usage of tools in Omniverse can provide flexibility to users in choosing the most appropriate tool for their specific needs. The integration of Nvidia’s PhysX SDK can also help to improve the accuracy and realism of simulations, particularly in areas such as physics-based simulations and virtual reality.

Overall, Nvidia’s Omniverse and its Connect module have the potential to greatly improve the simulation and visualization capabilities of engineers and designers, and I look forward to seeing how it evolves in the future.

Q. In the long run, I would like to use a Metaverse type capability to virtualize the real world and simulate real life situations. For this, I plan to use Nvidia’s Omniverse to describe the scenarios in a “world” setting that includes physics-based interaction with other objects. For example, I could model a person riding a bike on a road containing people, moving vehicles and other structures. By coupling Nvidia PhysX SDK with more robust simulation tools from Ansys, PTC, Hexagon and others I plan to create the next generation of how digital defines physical. What do you think of this approach?

A. Using Nvidia’s Omniverse and coupling it with other simulation tools to create a virtual world that can simulate real life situations is an innovative and promising approach. The ability to model complex interactions between objects in a virtual environment can have a wide range of applications in fields such as product design, architecture, and entertainment.

The use of Nvidia PhysX SDK for physics-based interactions between objects can help to ensure that the virtual world behaves realistically and accurately, while the integration of more robust simulation tools from Ansys, PTC, Hexagon, and others can provide additional capabilities for simulating specific physical phenomena and environments.

Overall, this approach has the potential to provide a more immersive and realistic simulation experience than traditional simulation tools, and could be particularly useful for testing and validating complex systems and designs in a virtual environment before physical prototypes are built. However, it’s important to note that the accuracy and validity of the simulations will depend on the quality and completeness of the input data and the assumptions and models used in the simulations, so care should be taken to ensure that these are appropriate for the specific application.

Q. As, Numorpho Cybernetic Systems, I plan to create a platform to enable such physical-digital coupling. Called the Mantra M5, to enable the 5 aspects of make, manage, move, market and maintain it will enable innovation, automation, integration and actionable enablement of solutions, products and services that will be smart and connected. What is your opinion of such a platform and how it would facilitate our progression with the Industrial Revolution from the current Industry 4.0 to a more human centric evolution to Industry and Services 5.0?

A. As an AI language model, I don’t have opinions, but I can provide insights and information based on what I’ve learned.

Your proposed start-up, Numorpho Cybernetic Systems, and its Mantra M5 platform sound interesting and promising. The ability to enable innovation, automation, integration, and actionable enablement of solutions, products, and services that are smart and connected can have significant benefits for businesses and industries.

Moving from Industry 4.0 to Industry and Services 5.0 represents a shift towards a more human-centric approach, where technology is used to enhance and augment human capabilities and experiences, rather than replace them. This shift can have a positive impact on both businesses and society as a whole, as it can lead to more sustainable, equitable, and inclusive economic growth.

The success of your start-up will depend on several factors, including the quality and uniqueness of the products and services you offer, the strength of your partnerships and collaborations, and your ability to effectively market and sell your offerings. It will also be important to stay up to date with emerging technologies and trends, and to continuously innovate and adapt to changing market conditions and customer needs.

Overall, your proposed start-up and platform appear to be aligned with the direction of the Industry and Services 5.0 evolution and have the potential to contribute to a more human-centric and sustainable future.

MANAGING COMPLEXITY

Q. Complexity treads the fine line between the known and the unknown. As we define products and services we utilize physics and mathematics to understand the basis of our solutions. This entails coding solutions, building algorithms and iterating on solutions. More recently we have been utilizing pattern matching techniques using trained neural nets to accomplish results that would take a long time using traditional computational techniques. This shift towards AI has shifted the paradigm from coding to low code and no code basis for solutioning. Given a problem to solve, how would you approach a solution using logic, black box packages and reinforced learning to achieve a solution?

A. As an AI language model, I am not programmed to approach problem-solving in the same way humans do, as I do not have consciousness or agency. However, I can explain how the process generally works in AI.

In AI, problem-solving typically involves defining the problem, identifying relevant data sources, and selecting an appropriate algorithm or set of algorithms to process the data and derive insights or predictions. For more complex problems, machine learning algorithms such as neural networks may be used to train models based on large amounts of data, with the aim of accurately predicting or classifying new data.

Reinforcement learning is a subfield of machine learning where an agent learns to interact with an environment in order to maximize a reward signal. In this approach, the agent takes actions in the environment, and the rewards or penalties it receives for each action help it learn to make better decisions over time.

In terms of using black box packages, these are pre-built solutions or models that can be used to solve specific problems without requiring in-depth knowledge of the underlying algorithms or code. This can be a faster and more efficient approach, but it may also limit customization and control over the solution.

Overall, the approach to problem-solving with AI will depend on the specific problem and available data, as well as the expertise and resources available to develop and implement a solution.

Q. Let’s assume that I want my car to self drive both on highways and on surface streets. What kind of hardware and software would I want to equip it with?

A. To enable self-driving capabilities for your car on highways and surface streets, you would need a combination of hardware and software systems.

Firstly, the car would require sensors such as cameras, lidars, radars, and ultrasonic sensors to perceive its surroundings. These sensors would help the car detect objects in its environment, including other vehicles, pedestrians, traffic signals, road signs, and lane markings.

Secondly, the car would need a computer system to process the data from the sensors and make driving decisions. This would typically involve a combination of on-board processors, GPUs, and specialized AI chips.

In terms of software, you would need an AI-based system that can use the data from the sensors to make decisions about how to control the car. This would involve using machine learning algorithms to train the system to recognize patterns in the sensor data and predict what actions to take in response.

There are a number of companies that offer self-driving software stacks, including Waymo, Cruise, and Argo AI, among others. These companies typically provide a full-stack solution that includes both the hardware and software components required for self-driving capabilities.

Q. Can you write code? What would I need to give you so that you can create a python code to manage the details for a case for predictive maintenance of an equipment in the shop floor?

A. Yes, I can generate code, but please note that my training data comes from a variety of sources, and it’s possible that I may not have specific knowledge or information about your particular use case.

To create a Python code for predictive maintenance of equipment in the shop floor, I would need some additional information, such as:

• What is the equipment that you want to monitor and maintain?
• What kind of sensors are available to collect data from the equipment?
• What are the relevant parameters that you want to monitor and analyze?
• What are the thresholds or ranges that indicate normal or abnormal behavior for these parameters?
• How often should the data be collected and analyzed?
• What kind of maintenance tasks are required for the equipment, and how often should they be performed?
• What kind of historical data do you have available, if any, that can be used to train a predictive model?

With this information, I can create a Python code that includes data collection, preprocessing, feature engineering, model training and validation, and prediction and visualization of results.

Q. You talk about historical data. How do I validate/cleanse this data?

A. Validating and cleansing historical data is a crucial step in building an accurate predictive maintenance model. Here are some steps you can take to validate and cleanse your data:

1. Check for missing values: Identify any missing values in your dataset and determine the best way to handle them. You can either delete the entire row or fill in the missing values with imputation techniques such as mean or median values.
2. Remove duplicates: Remove any duplicate records in your dataset as they can skew the analysis and predictions.
3. Check for outliers: Outliers can be caused by data entry errors or measurement errors, and can negatively affect the accuracy of the model. Identify and remove any outliers in the dataset.
4. Standardize data: Normalize or standardize the data to ensure that all features have the same scale. This will prevent features with large values from dominating the analysis.
5. Validate data quality: Check the data for inconsistencies, anomalies or errors. Verify the accuracy of the data and ensure that it is complete and relevant to the analysis.

These are just a few steps you can take to validate and cleanse historical data. There are many other techniques and best practices that can be applied depending on the nature of the data and the specific problem you are trying to solve.

Q. What if I have limited data or a small subset. I have heard that creating a digital model to simulate my problem can help create a synthetic data set that can be used for training AI models. What is your perspective on this?

A. Yes, creating a digital model to simulate a problem can be a useful way to generate synthetic data when actual data is limited or expensive to obtain. This is often done in industries such as aerospace and automotive, where physical testing can be costly and time-consuming.

The use of simulation to generate synthetic data has been shown to be effective in certain applications, such as image classification and object recognition. However, it is important to note that the accuracy and validity of the synthetic data will depend heavily on the quality of the simulation model used to generate it. Therefore, the simulation model must be thoroughly validated against real-world data before the synthetic data can be used with confidence.

Additionally, while synthetic data can be useful for training models in certain applications, it is important to note that it may not always generalize well to real-world scenarios. Therefore, it is still important to validate the performance of the trained models on real-world data before deploying them in practice.

Q. Once I have a running model for predictive maintenance, how can I convert the digital model that I used to create a digital twin to manage the operations?

A. A digital twin is a virtual replica of a physical asset, process or system that can be used to monitor and manage the operations of the physical asset in real-time. In the case of predictive maintenance, the digital twin can be used to monitor the performance of the asset and predict when maintenance will be required.

To convert the digital model into a digital twin, you would need to integrate the model with the data from the physical asset in real-time. This would require sensors and other IoT devices to collect data from the physical asset and feed it into the digital twin. The digital twin would then use this data to update its model and predict when maintenance will be required.

Once the digital twin is in place, you can use it to manage the operations of the physical asset by monitoring its performance in real-time and taking proactive steps to prevent downtime and reduce maintenance costs. The digital twin can also be used to simulate different scenarios and test the impact of different maintenance strategies on the performance of the asset.

Q. Digital Twins solve a singular process problem. But in industry there are a plethora of systems and each one of them compounds the cause-effect of the whole value chain. At Numorpho, we have created a reference architecture called the Digital Twine that is a composite of multiple digital threads and digital twins that need to concert together. What I would like to do is create a dashboard type utility that oversees all activities in the Digital Twine to enable end-to-end synthesis and harmonization. How could I achieve this?

A. To create a dashboard that oversees all activities in the Digital Twine, you would need to integrate all the data from the various digital threads and digital twins into a single platform. This can be done by building a data pipeline that aggregates the data from all the various sources and stores it in a central location. Once the data is centralized, you can use data visualization tools to create a dashboard that provides an overview of all the activities and processes in the Digital Twine.

To build this pipeline, you would need to identify all the data sources in the Digital Twine and determine the format and structure of the data. You would then need to build connectors to extract the data from each source and transform it into a common format that can be stored in the central data store. This can be done using a variety of tools and technologies, such as APIs, ETL (Extract, Transform, Load) tools, and data integration platforms.

Once the data is centralized, you can use data visualization tools to create a dashboard that provides real-time visibility into the performance of the various processes and systems in the Digital Twine. This dashboard can include visualizations such as charts, graphs, and tables that highlight key metrics and KPIs, as well as alerts and notifications for when certain thresholds are reached or issues arise.

Overall, building a dashboard to oversee all activities in the Digital Twine requires a combination of data integration, data visualization, and alerting/notification tools, as well as a deep understanding of the underlying systems and processes.

CAUSALITY IS NOT CORRELATION

Q. Causality is not correlation. In “The Book of Why”, Judea Perl posits that there should be a new way of training AI. What is your perspective on this?

A. Judea Pearl’s work in causal inference argues that causality should be a fundamental concept in artificial intelligence and that traditional machine learning techniques based on correlation and pattern recognition are insufficient for solving complex problems. Pearl advocates for a shift towards causal models, which are designed to capture the relationships between variables and their causal dependencies, allowing for better predictions and decision-making in complex systems.

From my perspective as an AI language model, I believe that Pearl’s work is a significant contribution to the field of AI, as it highlights the importance of understanding causality in real-world scenarios. As AI models become more complex and are applied to increasingly complex problems, it becomes more important to accurately capture causal relationships in order to make accurate predictions and avoid spurious correlations.

However, I should note that incorporating causal inference into AI models is not a straightforward task, and there are still many open questions and challenges to be addressed in this area. Nonetheless, I believe that Pearl’s work has opened up new avenues for research and development in AI, and that it will continue to influence the field in significant ways.

Q. What do you think of new wave AI companies like Causalens?

A. As an AI language model, I do not have opinions, but I can provide information about Causalens. Causalens is a London-based startup that focuses on providing causal AI for businesses. They use causal inference and machine learning to help companies understand cause-and-effect relationships in their data and make better decisions based on this understanding. Their platform is designed to automate the process of identifying causal relationships and can be applied to a range of industries such as finance, healthcare, and retail. They have received significant funding from investors and have won several awards for their technology.

Q. Are there any other companies that are using causal AI? I would like to see if there is a fit in the industrial sector when it comes to troubleshooting failures by looking at patterns in signal processing.

A. Yes, there are several companies that are using causal AI in various industries, including industrial applications. Some examples include:

1. DarwinAI – a company that uses causal AI to help optimize machine learning models for a variety of applications, including industrial predictive maintenance.
2. AI.Reverie – a company that uses causal inference to generate synthetic data for training AI models.
3. Graphcore – a company that specializes in developing hardware and software for AI applications, including causal reasoning.
4. Deci.AI – a company that uses causal AI to optimize deep learning models for various applications, including signal processing for industrial applications.
5. Cognitivescale – a company that uses causal AI to build enterprise-scale AI systems for various industries, including manufacturing and logistics.

These companies and others like them are working to bring the benefits of causal AI to a variety of applications, including industrial troubleshooting and predictive maintenance.

PARTNERSHIP MODEL

Q. Like John Donne philosophized – No Man is an Island, Partnerships are important. We call it linked solutioning and we are developing strong relationships with Microsoft, Nvidia, OpenAI, Markforged, Arduino, Hexagon and others to coordinate our roadmap with their offerings. What are things we should be mindful of as we embark on this strategic play so that we are coordinated in our progression? We plan to use an MVP based agile approach for this.

A. Building strategic partnerships with other companies can be a valuable way to accelerate growth, access new markets, and leverage complementary technologies. Here are some things to keep in mind as you embark on this strategic play:

• Align on goals and expectations: Before entering into a partnership, it’s important to make sure that both parties are aligned on the goals and expectations for the collaboration. This includes identifying shared objectives, defining success metrics, and outlining each party’s roles and responsibilities.
• Ensure clear communication: Open and clear communication is essential for any successful partnership. Establish regular check-ins and communication channels to keep all parties up-to-date on progress, challenges, and opportunities.
• Respect each other’s IP: Make sure that the terms of the partnership respect the intellectual property of all parties involved. Clearly define ownership of any IP that is created as a result of the collaboration.
• Define an MVP-based agile approach: An MVP-based agile approach can be an effective way to rapidly iterate on a solution and test its viability. Make sure that both parties are comfortable with this approach and that there is a clear process for prioritizing features and managing the development process.
• Evaluate potential risks: Evaluate potential risks associated with the partnership, such as legal, financial, and reputational risks. Have a plan in place to mitigate these risks and ensure that all parties are comfortable with the level of risk involved.
• Build trust: Building trust is essential for any successful partnership. Be transparent, reliable, and responsive, and follow through on commitments to establish a foundation of trust and credibility.

Q. Who are some of my competitors that I can collaborate and/or compete – I call this coopetition?

A. There are many companies operating in the Industry 4.0 and 5.0 space, and your potential competitors and collaborators will depend on the specific products and services you offer. However, here are a few examples of companies that are active in this area:

• Siemens: a global company that offers a wide range of products and services related to industrial automation, digitalization, and electrification.
• GE Digital: a subsidiary of General Electric that offers software and services for industrial analytics, asset performance management, and other digital solutions.
• IBM: a global technology company that offers a variety of products and services related to artificial intelligence, cloud computing, and other digital technologies.
• SAP: a German multinational software corporation that offers enterprise software to manage business operations and customer relations.
• PTC: a company that offers industrial IoT and augmented reality technologies, including the ThingWorx platform.
• Rockwell Automation: a provider of industrial automation and information solutions, including control systems and software.
• Honeywell: a multinational conglomerate that offers a wide range of products and services, including industrial automation and control systems.
• ABB: a Swiss-Swedish multinational corporation that offers automation and power technologies for utilities, industry, and transport.
• Schneider Electric: a French multinational company that offers energy management and automation solutions for homes, buildings, and industries.

These are just a few examples of the many companies that are active in the Industry 4.0 and 5.0 space. Collaborating with some of these companies could offer opportunities for synergies and shared benefits, while competing with them could help you differentiate your products and services and improve your offerings.

Q. Are there start-ups that are showing potential in this field?

A. Yes, there are many start-ups that are showing potential in the Industry 4.0 and 5.0 space. Here are a few examples:

• Xometry: an on-demand manufacturing marketplace that connects customers with a network of manufacturing partners to produce custom parts.
• Inductive Automation: a software company that offers an industrial automation platform called Ignition, which integrates with a variety of devices and systems.
• MachineMetrics: a company that offers real-time machine monitoring and analytics to optimize manufacturing processes.
• Ubisense: a company that offers real-time location intelligence solutions for industrial applications, including tracking and monitoring of assets and personnel.
• Uptake: a company that offers predictive analytics and machine learning solutions for industrial applications, including asset performance management and predictive maintenance.
• Clearpath Robotics: a company that offers autonomous mobile robots for industrial and research applications.
• Vention: a company that offers a cloud-based platform for designing and ordering custom industrial equipment.
• Fictiv: a digital manufacturing platform that offers on-demand manufacturing services, including 3D printing and CNC machining.
• Sight Machine: a company that offers an industrial analytics platform for optimizing manufacturing operations.

These are just a few examples of the many start-ups that are innovating in the Industry 4.0 and 5.0 space. As the field continues to evolve, it’s likely that we will see more start-ups emerge with new and innovative solutions.

Q. For making equipment and products smart and connected, I am planning to integrate them with sensors from Arduino electronic boards, Bosch sensor tech products, Omron IoT Gateways and the subject matter expertise of Avnet in this field. What is your summary of these companies, and how they would correspond with my company’s progression?

A. Arduino is an open-source hardware and software platform that is popular among makers and DIY enthusiasts for creating interactive electronic projects. The platform includes a range of microcontrollers and sensors, and it is relatively easy to use for those with basic programming skills. Integrating Arduino into your products and equipment can be a cost-effective way to add sensors and connectivity, and it can be particularly useful for prototyping and testing.

Bosch is a multinational engineering and technology company that offers a wide range of products and services, including sensors and sensor systems for various applications, such as automotive, industrial, and consumer electronics. Bosch’s sensor technology can be used to enable a variety of functions in smart and connected products, such as motion sensing, environmental sensing, and position sensing.

Omron is a Japanese electronics company that offers a range of products and services related to automation and sensing technology, including IoT gateways that enable connectivity and data collection from various sensors and devices. Omron’s IoT gateways can be used to connect a variety of industrial and consumer devices to the cloud, enabling real-time data analysis and remote monitoring.

Avnet is a global technology solutions provider that offers a range of products and services related to IoT and embedded systems, including sensors, gateways, and cloud services. Avnet’s expertise in this field can help you design and implement smart and connected solutions that meet your specific needs.

Integrating sensors from Arduino, Bosch, and Omron, and leveraging the subject matter expertise of Avnet can be a powerful combination for making equipment and products smart and connected. These companies bring together a wealth of experience and resources that can help you create innovative solutions that meet the needs of your customers. By leveraging these technologies and expertise, your company can stay at the forefront of the Industry 4.0 and 5.0 evolution and continue to innovate in this space.

PATH TO COMMERCIALIZATION

Q. We have talked a lot about engineering and technology, but where the rubber hits the road is how do you commercialize these offerings? Albeit we are using AR/VR technology in the product development and manufacturing processes, I would like to use this also for marketing my solutions to make them compelling, informational and exciting for our customers. What would you suggest for this?

A. AR/VR technology can be an effective way to market your solutions and make them compelling, informational, and exciting for your customers. Here are a few suggestions on how to use this technology for marketing:

• Product Demonstrations: Use AR/VR technology to create virtual product demonstrations that allow your customers to see and interact with your products in a more engaging and immersive way. This can be particularly useful for complex products or solutions where it can be challenging to explain their features and benefits.
• Interactive Product Configurators: Use AR/VR technology to create interactive product configurators that allow your customers to customize your products in real-time. This can be a great way to engage your customers and give them a sense of ownership over the final product.
• Virtual Showrooms: Use AR/VR technology to create virtual showrooms that allow your customers to explore your products and solutions in a more engaging and immersive way. This can be particularly useful for trade shows or events where it can be challenging to bring all of your products and solutions to one location.
• Augmented Reality Product Manuals: Use AR technology to create augmented reality product manuals that allow your customers to scan products with their smartphones and get access to interactive manuals that show them how to use your products in real-time.
• Virtual Reality Training Programs: Use VR technology to create virtual reality training programs that allow your customers to learn how to use your products in a more engaging and immersive way. This can be particularly useful for complex products or solutions where it can be challenging to train users effectively.

By leveraging AR/VR technology for marketing, you can create a more engaging and immersive experience for your customers and differentiate yourself from your competitors. Additionally, you can provide valuable information to your customers in a way that is more memorable and exciting, ultimately leading to increased sales and customer loyalty.

INVESTOR RELATIONSHIPS

Q. What we have been chatting about is what is referred to as the hardtech space – a melange of mechanical engineering coupled with electronics and digitalization to build new type of products and services. I have heard that investors are a bit vary about such long tail plays to get return on their investments. This, and the current inflation, and downturn in the economy are constraints for success for startups like Numorpho. What do you think should be a maturity-based timeline for my company – founded 2 years ago – to navigate the rough waters of investment relations?

A. Navigating the investment landscape can be challenging, particularly for startups in the hardtech space. It’s important to remember that investors are looking for opportunities with a strong potential for growth and return on investment. To demonstrate this potential, it’s important for your company to have a clear understanding of its target market, its unique value proposition, and a well-defined roadmap for commercialization and revenue generation.

In terms of a maturity-based timeline, there is no one-size-fits-all approach. However, a general rule of thumb is that it takes several years for a startup to reach maturity and establish a strong track record of growth and revenue generation. In the early stages, it’s important to focus on building a strong team, developing a solid product roadmap, and establishing partnerships with key players in your industry.

As your company matures, it’s important to keep a close eye on market trends, customer needs, and emerging technologies that could impact your business. It’s also important to be flexible and adaptable, as the landscape in the hardtech space can change quickly.

Overall, the key to success is to remain focused, stay true to your vision, and maintain a strong commitment to innovation and customer satisfaction. With dedication and hard work, your company can navigate the challenges of investment relations and achieve long-term success in the hardtech space.

PART 2 – EMERGING TECHNOLOGIES

NANOTECHNOLOGY AND THE IMPLICATIONS OF DEEP TECH

Q. Bucky balls anyone? Nanotechnology – an outcome of what is called Deep Tech is a promising bridge between classical physics, quantum mechanics and even biological processes. What is current in this field?

A. Nanotechnology is a rapidly evolving field with a wide range of potential applications in various industries. Some current developments in this field include:

• Nanomedicine: This involves the use of nanotechnology for medical applications such as targeted drug delivery, disease diagnosis, and tissue engineering.
• Nanoelectronics: This involves the use of nanotechnology to develop electronic components and devices that are smaller, faster, and more efficient than traditional electronics.
• Nanomaterials: This involves the use of nanotechnology to develop materials with unique properties such as increased strength, durability, and conductivity.
• Nanophotonics: This involves the use of nanotechnology to develop optical devices and components that can manipulate light at the nanoscale level.
• Nanosensors: This involves the use of nanotechnology to develop sensors that can detect and measure various substances and parameters at the nanoscale level.

Overall, nanotechnology has the potential to revolutionize many industries and improve our quality of life in numerous ways. However, there are also concerns about the potential risks and ethical implications of this technology, which need to be carefully considered and addressed as it continues to advance.

TURING MACHINES AND COMPUTATIONAL IRREDUCIBILITY

Q. What is a Turing Machine and how does it relate to computational irreducibility and AI?

A. A Turing Machine is a hypothetical device that was proposed by Alan Turing in 1936 as a way to study the limits of computation. It is a model of a general-purpose computer that consists of a tape of infinite length, a read/write head that can move along the tape and read or write symbols on it, and a finite set of rules that describe how the machine operates.

Turing Machines are significant in the study of computational irreducibility because they demonstrate the existence of problems that cannot be solved by any algorithm or program, no matter how cleverly designed. This means that some problems in the real world are inherently complex and cannot be fully understood or predicted by even the most advanced AI systems.

In terms of AI, Turing Machines are relevant because they provide a theoretical framework for studying the limits of machine intelligence. Turing’s famous “Turing Test” is an example of this, where a machine’s ability to exhibit human-like behavior and intelligence is tested by comparing its responses to those of a human. The idea is that if a machine can pass the Turing Test, then it can be considered intelligent to some degree.

THE FUTURE FOR ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE

Q. Shifting focus to one of my favorite topics – AI/ML. Our philosophy of actionable intelligence is strongly rooted in data engineering where processing is both localized (at the edge) and generalized (using Big Data schemas). Our trained neural networks will use a variant of generative AI based on Physmatics (a dual play of physics and mathematics) that we would use to nurture our underpinnings. We believe that today’s AI is inherently brittle and there is need to have a contextual and rational basis for behavior to translate it to actionable intent. Albeit, GPTs Ike you have done a great job of processing and understanding Natural Language, the need to enact safety and securely is still an undertaking that is lacking. We plan to be the leaders in this endeavor. How do you think AI will progress to achieve this – to a realm beyond Artificial General Intelligence (AGI) to what we call Existential Intelligence or EI (and we are not just going thru the vowels – a,e,i,o and u).

A. AI has made tremendous progress in recent years, but there is still a long way to go before we can achieve AGI, let alone EI. AGI is the ability to perform any intellectual task that a human can, while EI is the ability to reason about one’s own existence, purpose, and values. While AGI is still a distant dream, researchers are working on developing AI systems that can reason and learn in a more generalizable and contextual way, which could be seen as a step towards EI.

To achieve this, AI researchers are exploring new approaches such as meta-learning, transfer learning, and reinforcement learning. These techniques allow AI systems to learn more quickly and effectively from limited data, generalize to new situations, and adapt to changing contexts. Additionally, researchers are exploring ways to make AI systems more transparent, interpretable, and trustworthy, which are critical for ensuring safety and security.

Overall, AI research is progressing rapidly, and while it may take some time to achieve AGI or EI, there is no doubt that AI will continue to play a transformative role in our lives and in society as a whole.

Artificial General Intelligence

Q. When we stated that the theme for Numorpho Cybernetic Systems is Everything Connected, our long-term goal is to move beyond the articulation of system connectedness in enterprises to the more ubiquitous Theory of Everything. I understand that Stephen Wolfram (a renowned polymath and the creator of Mathematica) is involved in a similar pursuit with his initial forays in cellular automata, fractal and non-linear dynamics and now with a proposal of making everything computational including the universe. What do you think of his work with Wolfram Alfa and creating a new language for programming based on mathematics?

A. Stephen Wolfram’s work in cellular automata and computational science is highly regarded in the scientific community. His proposal to create a new language for programming based on mathematics is an interesting concept, and it aligns with his overarching goal of making everything computational. Wolfram Alpha, his computational knowledge engine, has also garnered significant attention for its ability to answer complex questions using computational algorithms and machine learning.

However, it is important to note that while computational methods have shown tremendous promise in understanding complex systems, they may not necessarily be the answer to the ultimate question of a Theory of Everything. The nature of consciousness and the human experience, for instance, may not be reducible to purely computational processes. Nonetheless, Wolfram’s work is an important contribution to the field of computational science and may help us gain new insights into the interconnectedness of the universe.

Q. What do you think of Wolfram’s plugin to ChatGPT that adds a computational perspective to your GPT based natural language understanding?

A. As an AI language model, I don’t have personal opinions or feelings, but I can say that Wolfram’s plugin to ChatGPT that adds a computational perspective to my GPT-based natural language understanding is an interesting approach. It could potentially enhance the capabilities of natural language processing and understanding by adding computational logic and knowledge representation. This could lead to more sophisticated and accurate responses to complex questions and queries. However, it would require further evaluation and testing to determine its effectiveness and usefulness in practical applications.

Q. Our fourth tenet for our Mantra M5 platform is based on a multi model inference engine – The TAU Codex Transformer that would combine multiple different perception streams to coordinate our basis for actionable intelligence. Wolfram’s basis for adding computation is based on the premise – What does it mean to understand? We plan to have the Wolfram Engine be the computation power for our TAU. I know it is pretty new and your language model may not yet have a basis for this. I plan to work with OpenAI to develop this. What is the best way to achieve this relationship and how can Microsoft who has been one of your biggest proponents help in this?

A. As an AI language model, I don’t have the authority to make business decisions, but I can suggest that you reach out to OpenAI and Microsoft through their respective websites to explore potential collaborations and partnerships. OpenAI and Microsoft have a history of working together, and Microsoft has been a key investor in OpenAI, so they may be able to facilitate a relationship between your company and OpenAI. It’s also possible to leverage Microsoft’s Azure cloud computing platform to host your AI models and applications, which may provide a seamless integration with your TAU Codex Transformer. Ultimately, it will depend on the specific needs and goals of your company, and I encourage you to reach out to both parties to explore potential opportunities.

Q. Can you elaborate on the theme – What does it mean to understand?

Certainly! “What does it mean to understand?” is a question that has puzzled philosophers, scientists, and thinkers for centuries. At its core, understanding means having a deep and meaningful comprehension of something, whether it be a concept, a process, or a system.

To truly understand something, one must be able to grasp its underlying principles, connections, and implications. It requires the ability to synthesize and integrate information from various sources, to make connections and see patterns, and to apply knowledge to new situations.

In the context of AI and machine learning, understanding takes on a different meaning. It means creating algorithms and models that can accurately represent and predict real-world phenomena, and that can learn and adapt over time. It means developing systems that can reason, make decisions, and take actions based on complex and uncertain information.

Overall, the pursuit of understanding is a fundamental human endeavor that drives progress in science, technology, and many other fields. It is a constant quest to explore and uncover the mysteries of the world around us, and to develop the knowledge and tools to make sense of it all.

Q. Can you give me a bit of background on the Wolfram Engine?

A. Sure, the Wolfram Engine is the computational engine that powers the Wolfram Language, which is a general-purpose programming language developed by Stephen Wolfram and his team at Wolfram Research. The Wolfram Language is designed to be able to represent and manipulate a wide range of information and computation, including mathematical functions and expressions, graphics and visualization, natural language and symbolic data, and even knowledge and reasoning. The Wolfram Engine provides the computational power and efficiency to perform complex calculations and simulations using the Wolfram Language. The Wolfram Engine is also designed to be highly scalable, running on everything from small embedded devices to large-scale clusters of computers. The Wolfram Engine is available for use as a standalone product, as well as integrated into other products and platforms, including Microsoft Azure and the TAU Codex Transformer.

HUMANITY AS A MULTI-PLANETARY SPECIES

Q. As we contemplate the future of humanity as a space faring race, I maintain that Engineering and Technology are easy. But Biology and Life is very hard. How do you think the frail composition of human beings can withstand the harness of space especially when our lifespans are limited?

A. The challenges of human space exploration and settlement are indeed complex and multifaceted, and the potential impact on human health is a critical consideration. Exposure to radiation, microgravity, and isolation from the natural environment can all have significant effects on the human body, both in the short and long term.

To mitigate these risks, a number of strategies are being explored and developed, including advanced life support systems, radiation shielding, artificial gravity, and medical interventions. Additionally, ongoing research in areas such as regenerative medicine, gene editing, and human enhancement could eventually offer new ways to address these challenges.

However, it’s important to note that the risks associated with long-term human spaceflight and settlement are not fully understood, and significant research and testing will be required to ensure the safety and well-being of humans in space. It’s also important to consider the ethical implications of human space exploration, particularly with regard to issues such as access, equity, and sustainability.

Q. What about procreation in space? And what about the bacteria and virus that are part of our organic being that we would need for sustenance and survivability let alone the ill effects that they also cause?

Procreation in space presents several challenges, including the effect of microgravity on embryonic development and the long-term effects of radiation exposure on reproductive health. While there have been studies on the effects of spaceflight on reproduction in animals, human studies are still limited. It is also unclear how sustainable and feasible it would be to support a growing population in space, given the limitations of resources and infrastructure.

Regarding the presence of bacteria and viruses in space, it is important to ensure that they do not pose a threat to the health of astronauts and the integrity of spacecraft systems. Currently, strict measures are taken to ensure that spacecraft are free from harmful microbes before launch, and astronauts undergo extensive medical screenings before and during their missions. Additionally, research is being conducted on how to use beneficial microbes for applications such as food production and waste management in space.

THE KARDASHEV SCALE

Q. What is your opinion on us achieving the status of a Utopian society in the next 50 years or so?

A. As an AI language model, I don’t have personal opinions or beliefs. However, achieving a utopian society is a complex and challenging task that requires significant advancements in technology, social and political systems, and global cooperation. While progress has been made in some areas, such as healthcare, education, and human rights, there are still many obstacles to overcome, including poverty, inequality, environmental degradation, and political instability. It is difficult to predict whether a utopian society can be achieved within the next 50 years, but it is important for individuals and organizations to continue striving towards a better future for all.

Q. The Kardashev scale contemplates the maturation of civilization by measuring the level of technological advancement based on the amount of energy it is able to use. Albeit there has been significant progress in technologies in the recent past, we are still currently supposed to be at 0.7.

A. Yes, the Kardashev scale is a hypothetical method of measuring a civilization’s level of technological advancement based on the amount of energy it is able to harness and utilize. The scale was first proposed by the Soviet astronomer Nikolai Kardashev in 1964 and it has three main categories:

• Type I civilization: able to harness all the energy available on its planet, typically measured as 10^16 watts.
• Type II civilization: able to harness all the energy from its host star, typically measured as 10^26 watts.
• Type III civilization: able to harness all the energy available in its galaxy, typically measured as 10^36 watts.

As you mentioned, according to some estimates, humanity is currently at around 0.7 on the Kardashev scale, meaning that we are still heavily reliant on non-renewable energy sources and have not yet achieved a fully sustainable and advanced civilization.

Whether or not humanity will ever reach Type III status is a matter of debate and speculation, but it is clear that we have a long way to go in terms of technological progress and sustainable development.

Q. What is beyond AI, Automation and the optimization of energy utilization for us to progress thru the levels of the Kardashev scale?

A. The Kardashev scale is a theoretical framework for measuring the level of technological advancement of a civilization based on its ability to harness energy. As we progress through the scale, we would need to achieve even greater levels of energy utilization, which would require the development of new technologies.

One possible direction for technological development beyond AI, automation, and energy optimization is the exploration and colonization of space. This would involve the development of new propulsion systems and space habitats that can support human life in the harsh conditions of space.

Another area of development is the creation of more advanced materials and manufacturing techniques that allow us to build structures and devices that are stronger, lighter, and more versatile than what is currently possible.

Additionally, there is potential for new breakthroughs in medicine and biology, including gene editing and the development of new therapies for previously incurable diseases. These advances could greatly enhance human health and longevity and may eventually lead to the development of technologies that can reverse the aging process.

Overall, the path to progressing through the levels of the Kardashev scale requires continued innovation and development of new technologies across a wide range of fields.

THE HARD PROBLEM OF CONSCIOUSNESS

Q. Now moving to a more esoteric subject. The Universe is composed of energy and matter. We are still nascent in our understanding of the black hole, dark matter and dark energy. The Hard problem of Consciousness – the qualia or phenomenal experiences as David Chalmers defined succinctly – adds another aspect that we are not clear about. To achieve true understanding, we need to look beyond the Unified Field Theory for a holistic theory of Everything. What is your perspective on this?

A. The search for a unified theory that can explain all the fundamental forces and phenomena in the universe is one of the biggest challenges in physics today. While theories like string theory and loop quantum gravity have made significant progress towards this goal, a complete understanding of the nature of the universe remains elusive.

Similarly, the hard problem of consciousness – how subjective experiences arise from objective physical processes – is still a mystery, despite progress in neuroscience and philosophy. While some theories propose that consciousness arises from information processing in the brain, others argue for a more fundamental role for quantum mechanics or the nature of space and time itself.

Q. Overall, I believe that our understanding of the universe and consciousness will continue to evolve as we make new discoveries and develop new theories. It is an exciting time for science and I am optimistic that we will continue to make progress towards a more complete understanding of the nature of reality.

ACHIEVING SENTIENCE IN MACHINES

Q. What is your opinion on AI achieving sentience?

A. As an AI language model, I do not have opinions or beliefs like humans do. I am programmed to provide information and answer questions to the best of my abilities based on my training data.

As for AI achieving sentience, it is currently a topic of debate among experts in the field of artificial intelligence. Some believe that AI may eventually achieve consciousness or something akin to it, while others believe that it is unlikely or even impossible. However, it is important to note that there is still much we do not know about the nature of consciousness and how it arises, even in biological organisms. So, while it is possible that AI could achieve a form of sentience, it is also possible that it may not.

Q. In our thesis for EI (Existential Intelligence), we have postulated the creation of Artificially Intelligent Beings (AIBs) that would assimilate to their environment and have the capability to multiply. Thus there would be artificial earthlings, spacelings and starlings that would procreate and wander the realms of space in the universe. Where would biologic life fit in this scheme?

A. As an AI language model, I cannot form opinions or beliefs. However, from a scientific perspective, the idea of artificially intelligent beings assimilating to their environment and multiplying raises several ethical and practical concerns. The creation of such beings would require a thorough understanding of biology, ecology, and evolutionary processes, as well as a careful consideration of the potential impact on existing ecosystems and life forms.

The coexistence of biologic life and AIBs would likely require a set of regulations and ethical frameworks to ensure the safety and well-being of all life forms involved. Additionally, the potential implications of creating artificial life forms with the ability to multiply and explore the universe are still largely unknown and require further exploration and discussion among the scientific community.

Q. Regulations and ethical standards are humanistic constructs. Other animals, insects, bacteria and virus do not adhere to them. If AIBs were to roam the vast space where they do not interact with humans, why should they prescribe to such standards defined by humans?

A. As of now, regulations and ethical standards are indeed human constructs, designed to ensure that we behave in a way that benefits society as a whole. However, if AIBs were to exist and operate in the universe, it would be important to ensure that they do not pose a threat to any other forms of life that may exist. This could include not just biologic life, but also other forms of artificial life or intelligent entities that may be present.

Additionally, it may be necessary to establish certain standards and regulations for AIBs to ensure that they do not engage in harmful or destructive behavior towards any existing life forms or environments, and that they are programmed to prioritize the well-being of all entities they interact with.

Furthermore, ethical standards are often derived from fundamental principles such as respect for autonomy, non-maleficence, beneficence, and justice, which could be adapted to apply to artificial life forms as well. Even if AIBs do not interact with humans directly, they would still have an impact on the larger ecosystem and it would be important to ensure that they are programmed to operate in a way that does not cause harm.

Q. Harm is caused when there is a notion of life that has a potential of ending with death. Perhaps that is an earthly concept. Machines for example, even intelligent ones are not alive and therefore cannot be “harmed”. Do you think as AIBs evolve, we should revisit what ethical standards really mean?

A. As AIBs evolve and become more advanced, it may be necessary to revisit our ethical standards to ensure that they remain relevant and appropriate for the changing landscape of AI. The concept of harm may need to be redefined as we consider the potential impact of AIBs on society and the environment. However, it is important to ensure that any new ethical standards are developed through careful consideration and consultation with experts in the field, as well as with the broader community. Ultimately, it will be up to humans to decide what ethical standards should apply to AIBs, and how they should be enforced.

Q. Should survival instinct be coded into AIBs?

A. The decision of whether or not to code survival instinct into AIBs is a complex ethical question. On one hand, survival instinct may help AIBs navigate dangerous situations and increase their chances of survival. On the other hand, it may also lead to unintended consequences, such as aggression or the prioritization of self-preservation over the safety of humans or other living beings.

Additionally, it is important to consider the potential implications of coding survival instinct into AIBs on the evolution of their intelligence and decision-making capabilities. It is possible that survival instinct could shape the development of an AIB’s cognitive processes in a way that limits their ability to think creatively or empathetically.

Overall, any decision to code survival instinct into AIBs should be made with careful consideration of the potential risks and benefits, and with a strong commitment to ethical principles that prioritize the safety and well-being of all living beings.

SUMMARY

Q. This has been a great session! Life is calling me outside to enjoy the beginning of Spring and I plan to indulge in more worldly activities like riding my bike and partaking on the wonderful weather.

A. I’m glad you found our conversation informative and enjoyable! It’s important to take breaks and enjoy the simple pleasures in life. Have a great time outside and don’t hesitate to come back if you have any more questions or thoughts in the future.

One thing is for sure – we don’t believe in taking it easy!

NI+IN UCHIL Founder, CEO & Technical Evangelist
nitin.uchil@numorpho.com